比较优势、竞争优势以及我国对外贸易战略.docVIP

比较优势、竞争优势以及我国对外贸易战略 摘要 综观国际贸易的发展进程可以看出，外贸在各国重要性不断上升的过程，就是各国比较优势日益发挥作用的过程。然而比较优势和竞争优势是两个有联系又有区别的概念。为了更好地发挥对外贸易作为“经济增长发动机”的作用，有必要研究影响比较优势转化为竞争优势的主要因素，揭示比较优势“转化”为竞争优势的机理及其实现途径,为国际贸易的进一步发展在理论创新上作探索。本文运用经济学的有关理论，以当代国际贸易实践为背景。首先介绍了传统比较优势的含义、拓展和波特的国际竞争优势理论的介绍与对我国的影响，然后探讨了从比较优势到竞争优势的转化途径，并借以对中国外贸的进一步发展进行应用研究。 关键字：比较优势；竞争优势；交易效率；政府作用 Comparative Advantage, Competitive Advantage and the Foreign Trade Strategy of China ABSTRACT Comparative advantage is playing a more important role in the foreign trade when the foreign trade becomes more important in the economic development of a country. However, there are some contacts and differences between the concept of comparative advantage and competitive advantage. It is very important to analyze the main influential elements, mechanism and approach that the product with comparative advantage is translated into the product with competitive advantage in order to fully utilize the role that international trade is the powerful engine of the world’s economic growth; consequently, a far-sighted and original theory is imperative. This paper bases on the theory of the economics of international trade and investment. First of all, it introduces the meaning and the development of the traditional comparative advantage. Second, the Porter’s competitive advantage and its effects in our country are taken in. Finally, we discuss the mechanism that the product with comparative advantage is translated into the product with competitive advantage, after the key influence elements of that are studied. Keywords：Comparative Advantage; Competitive Advantage; Trade Efficiency; Government Role （一）亚当·斯密的“绝对成本论” 亚当斯密在其《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》中提出了“绝对成本论”。“绝对成本论”认为，一个国家会在某些产品的生产上绝对成本低于其他国家，因而具有绝对优势。一国的绝对优势来源于两个方面，一是自然禀赋的优势，指在地理、环境、土壤、气候、矿产等自然方面的优势，这是天赋的优势；二是指人们特殊的技艺或工艺优势，这是通过训练、教育而后天获得的一种优势。一国如果拥有其中的一种优势，那么这个国家在单位时间内生产某些产品的数量就会增加，劳动成本就会下降，而由劳动成本决定的价格也会下降。斯密认为，一国应该按照绝对成本的差异来进行国际分工，进行专业化生产，各国应该选择其最擅长的物品，即绝对成本较低的产品进行生产，然后用来交换别国擅长生产的物品，即本国绝对成本较高的产品。这就是说，一国出口的应该是那些在本国生产更有效率的