热动专业英语.pptVIP

1.2 Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics Fluid motions manifest themselves in many different ways. Some can be described very easily, while others require a thorough understanding of physical laws. In engineering applications, it is important to describe the fluid motions as simply as can be justified. This usually depends on the required accuracy. Often, accuracies of ±10% are acceptable, although in some applications higher accuracies have to be achieved. The general equations of motion are very difficult to solve; consequently, it is the engineers responsibility to know which simplifying assumptions can be made. This, of course, requires experience and, more important, an understanding of the physics involved. 1.2 流体力学基础 流体运动表现出多种不同的运动形式。有些可以简单描述，而其它的则需要完全理解其内在的物理规律。在工程应用中，尽量简单地描述流体运动是非常重要的。简化程度通常取决于对精确度的要求，通常可以接受±10%左右的误差，而有些工程应用则要求较高的精度。描述运动的一般性方程通常很难求解，因此，工程师有责任了解可以进行哪些简化的假设。当然，这需要丰富的经验，更重要的是要深刻理解流动所涉及的物理内涵。 Some common assumptions used to simplify a flow situation are related to fluid properties. For example, under certain conditions, the viscosity can affect the flow significantly; in others, viscous effects can be neglected greatly simplifying the equations without significantly altering the predictions. It is well known that the compressibility of a gas in motion should be taken into account if the velocities are very high. But compressibility effects do not have to be taken into account to predict wind forces on buildings or to predict any other physical quantity that is a direct effect of wind. After our study of fluid motions, the appropriate assumptions used should become more obvious. Here we introduce some important general approaches used to analyze fluid mechanics problems and give a brief overview of different types of flow. 一些常见的用来简化流动状态的假设是与流体性质有关系的。例如，黏性在某些条件下对流体有显著的影响；而在其它条件下，忽略黏性效应的影响可以大大地简化方程，但并不会显著改变计算结果。众所周知，气体速度很高时必须考虑其压缩性，但在预测风力对建筑物的影响程度，或者预测受风力直接影响的其它物理量时，可以不计空气的压缩性。学完流体运动学之后，可以更明显地看出采用了哪些恰当的假设。这里，将介绍一些重要的用来分析流体力学问题的一般性方法，并简要介绍不同类型的流动。 1.