二次培训讲义.pptVIP

Traditional IP Forwarding Traditional IP forwarding is based on the following: Routing protocols are used to distribute Layer 3 routing information. Forwarding is based on the destination address only. Routing lookups are performed on every hop. Traditional IP Forwarding cont. ? Destination-based routing lookup is needed on every hop. Every router may need full Internet routing information more than 100,000 routes . Traffic Engineering with Traditional IP Forwarding Most traffic goes between large sites A and B and uses only the primary link. Destination-based routing does not provide any mechanism for load balancing across unequal paths. Policy-based routing can be used to forward packets based on other parameters, but this is not a scalable solution. Basic MPLS Concepts MPLS is a new forwarding mechanism in which packets are forwarded based on labels. Labels may correspond to IP destination networks equal to traditional IP forwarding . Labels can also correspond to other parameters, such as quality of service QoS or source address. MPLS Example Only edge routers must perform a routing lookup. Core routers switch packets based on simple label lookups and swap labels. Traffic Engineering with MPLS Traffic can be forwarded based on other parameters QoS, source, ... . Load sharing across unequal paths can be achieved. MPLS Architecture MPLS has two major components: Control plane—exchanges Layer 3 routing information and labels Data plane—forwards packets based on labels Control plane contains complex mechanisms to exchange routing information, such as Open Shortest Path First OSPF , Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP , Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System IS-IS , and BGP, and to exchange labels, such as Tag Distribution Protocol TDP , label distribution protocol LDP , BGP, and Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP . Data plane has a simple forwarding engine. Control plane maintains contents of the label-switching table label forwardi