自考0522英语国家概况基础班课程讲义全Chapter05.pdfVIP

Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire （1688--1990） 本章概要： 1.辉格党和托利党 2.圈地运动 --- 名词解释：the Enclosure Acts --- 圈地运动的结果 3.18世纪英国工业革命 --- 名词解释：The Industrial Revolution --- 工业革命的意义 4.宪章运动（1836--1848） --- 名词解释：The Chartist Movement --- 宪章运动的意义 5.英国的殖民扩张 --- 进行殖民扩张的原因 6.英国与两次世界大战以及英帝国的衰落 7.撒切尔主义 --- 名词解释：Thatcherism --- 撒切尔主义的内容 I.Whigs and Tories（辉格党和托利党） These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution.Both were known by nicknames: Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers, Tories an Irish word meaning thugs.Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.By the beginning of the 19th century theWhigshadnoparticularprogramandwerenotevenaunitedpartyinthemodernsense.The Whigs stood for 1 a reduction in Crown patronage; 2 sympathy towards Nonconformists; 3 care for the interests of merchants and bankers.Most Whigs were in favor also of some kind of Parliamentary reform, but could not agree how far this reform should go.The Whigs were later to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and became the Liberal Party. TheTorieswasthosewhosupportedhereditarymonarch（世袭君主制） andwerereluctant to removing kings.Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England.They did not like the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of Englands influence on the people; they wanted strict maintenance of law and order and were afraid of mob riot; and they did not always agree to all reforms.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. Besides the Whigs and the Tories, there was another party which was called. The Radicals.The Radicals were those who wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of problems.Only