神经元与神经胶质细胞.pptVIP

神经元与神经胶质细胞 神经生物学系 陆巍 luweishmu2@ 实验室主页： 3/jcyxy/link/sjsw200604/wwwroot/indexc.htm 神经元的一般结构－－细胞体 神经元的细胞体 细胞膜 脂质双层，镶嵌蛋白 细胞质 尼氏体，神经原纤维，内质网，高尔基复合体，溶酶体，多泡体，线粒体，中心粒和纤毛，色素颗粒和脂褐素 细胞核 细胞质 特征性结构： 尼氏体：光镜下为嗜碱性小块或小颗粒，分布与整个胞体和树突，轴突和轴丘中没有；电镜下由粗面内质网、游离核糖体和多核糖体所构成； 神经原纤维，存在与胞体与突起中，电镜下相当于微管、神经丝和微丝； 线粒体特征：嵴纵向排列，线粒体内膜所围成的腔室，其致密颗粒不常出现或缺如。 神经元突起 轴突 树突 Dendrite A neuron’s dendritic tree is connected to a thousand neighbouring neurons. When one of those neurons fire, a positive or negative charge is received by one of the dendrites. The strengths of all the received charges are added together through the processes of spatial and temporal summation. Spatial summation occurs when several weak signals are converted into a single large one, while temporal summation converts a rapid series of weak pulses from one source into one large signal . Dendrite The part of the soma that does concern itself with the signal is the axon hillock. If the aggregate input is greater than the axon hillocks threshold value, then the neuron fires, and an output signal is transmitted down the axon. The strength of the output is constant, regardless of whether the input was just above the threshold, or a hundred times as great. The output strength is unaffected by the many divisions in the axon; it reaches each terminal button with the same intensity it had at the axon hillock. This uniformity is critical in an analogue device such as a brain where small errors can snowball, and where error correction is more difficult than in a digital system Dendrites The treelike extensions of a neuron. Most neurons have multiple dendrites, which are short and typically highly branched. Dendrites are specialised for receiving information and form?synaptic contacts with the terminals of other nerve cells to allow nerve impulses to be transmitted. 树突 一、树突 树突棘(spine) 分为细长型或鼓槌型(drum,stick shape)，牙型(stubby shape），蘑菇型(mushroom shape)。 二、是突触后膜所在部位，也是外来冲动传入部位。 Function of spines Dendritic spines are the c