英语语言学（教学课件）chapter10 Cognitive Linguistics.ppt

Chapter 10 Cognitive Linguistics Contents 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Categorization and Categories 10.2.1 The classical theory 10.2.2 Prototype theory 10.2.3 Levels of categorization 10.3 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy 10.3.1 Conceptual metaphor 10.3.2 Conceptual metonymy 10.4 Iconicity 10.4.1 Iconicity of order 10.4.2 Iconicity of distance 10.4.3 Iconicity of complexity 10.5 Grammaticalization 10.1 Introduction Describe a car ★ box-like shape, wheels, doors, windows, engine, brakes, seat… ★ comfortable, fast, social status… ★ personal affairs connected with cars, e.g. car accident cognitive linguistics A new approach to the study of language and mind. According to this approach, language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it. 10.2 Categorization and Categories Categorization: the mental process of classification Category: the products of classification 10.2.1 The classical theory The classical theory of categorization can be traced back to Aristotle, and it is carried forward by structuralist and transformationalist linguists. Four assumptions of the classical theory 1. A thing cannot both belong to a category and not belong to it. 2. Features are binary. 3. Categories have clear boundaries. 4. All members of a category have equal status. Criticisms of the classical theory Certain things do not fall into clear categories. For instance, do ostriches and penguins belong to the BIRD theory? Even if they do, aren’t they less of birds than robins are? Then what about ducks and peacocks? Are they more of birds than penguins? 10.2.2 The prototype theory The prototype theory started in the mid-1970s with E.Rosch’s psychological research into the internal structure of categories. From its psychological origin, the prototype theory has moves mainly in two directions. On