明代夯土长城的城墙材料与构造--以大同镇段为例.docVIP

  明代夯土长城的城墙材料与构造—以大同 镇段为例# 沈旸1,3，周小棣2，常军富2* 5 10 （1. 东南大学建筑学院，南京 210096； 2. 东南大学建筑设计研究院有限公司·城市保护与发展工作室，南京 210096； 3. 城市与建筑遗产保护教育部重点实验室，南京 210096） 摘要：为了深入了解夯土长城的材料和构造特征，在对现存明大同镇段长城这一典型夯土长 城遗存进行实地考察的基础上，借鉴土力学的相关理论和方法，对城墙夯土材料的种类和存 在方式进行了分类统计，并从基础做法、夯层厚度、夯层构造、铺设植物枝条做法等方面分 析了城墙的构造特征。结论表明，同明代砖石长城相比，夯土长城在材料和内部构造的丰富 性方面并不逊色，显示出与环境和军事防御需要的密切联系。 关键词：明大同镇；夯土长城；城墙材料；构造 中图分类号：TU-09 15 Materials and structure of the rammed earth walls of the Ming Great Wall —— With Datong Town section as example SHEN Yang1,3, ZHOU Xiaodi2, CHANG Junfu2 20 25 30 (1. Architecture School, Southeast University, NanJing 210096; 2. Urban Heritage Preservation Regeneration Study, Architectural Design Research Institute, Southeast University, NanJing 210096; 3. Key Laboratory of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation , Ministry of Education, China, NanJing 210096) Abstract: As the typical rammed earth Great Wall remains, the Ming Great Wall of Datong Town section was taken as an example for better understanding the material and structural characteristics of rammed earth walls. On the basis of field work, the theory and methods of soil mechanics was used for reference to finish the classified statistics of types and existing methods of rammed earth materials. Structural characteristics of the rammed earth walls were analyzed from aspects of foundation, rammed layer thickness, rammer layer structure and laying twigs. The conclusions show that the rammed earth Great Wall has rich and varied materials and internal structure which show the close contact with the environment and military defense needs. Keywords: Datong Town of Ming Dynasty; the rammed earth Great Wall; architectural material; structure 35 0 引言 明代为保卫北方从西到东的漫长边境，抵御敌人的侵略，先后设置了九个军事重镇，分 管不同的边防区域，通称九边重镇。据《明史·兵志》，“元人北归，屡谋兴复。永乐迁都 北平，三面近塞，正统以后，敌患日多。故终明之世，边防甚重。东起鸭绿，西抵嘉峪，绵 40 亘万里，分地守御。初设辽东、宣府、大同、延绥四镇，继设宁夏、甘肃、蓟州三镇，而太 原总兵治偏头，三边制府驻固原，亦称二镇，是为九边。”[1] 就长城墙体的材料和构造而言，包砖者集中于宣府、蓟州和辽东三镇，土坯类遗存大量 存在于延绥、宁夏、甘肃、固原四镇，大同镇可以看做是东西各镇之间的过渡地带。其遗存 基金项目：高等学校博