孟德尔第二定律--wps.pptVIP

“ ” “ ” Second Law of Mendel --Law of Independent Assortment Xiao Xiaorong Definition Segregation of the members of any pair of alleles is independent of the segregation of other pairs in the formation of reproductive cells. Experiments  --Two pairs of traits combination of experimental P Tall-Purple ? Dwarf -white F1 Tall-Purple F2 T-P T-W D-P D-W 315 101 108 32 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 Interpretation and validation Test cross validation Expected:AaBb(F1) ? aabb AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb T-P T-W D-P D-W 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 Result : 55 : 49 : 51 : 52 Result In the heterozygous state, the two genes are inherited independently, without mixing with each other; same gene independently isolated, the different genes are freely combined. Generally : The separation ratio of Gametes of F1 is 1:1:1:1 The ratio of Genotype of F2 is (1:2:1)2=1:4:1 The ratio of Phenotype of F2 is (3:1)2=9:3:3:1 ResultMendelian Inheritance Reflects Rules of Probability Rules of Multiplication: The probability that independent events will occur simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities. Rules of Addition: The probability of an event that can occur in two or more independent ways is the sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways. Example Answer: Probability that an egg from a YyRr parent will receive the Y and R alleles = ? x ? = ? Probability that a sperm from a YyRr parent will receive the Y and R alleles = ? x ? = ? Overall probability of an F2 plant having the genotype YYRR: ? x ? = 1/16 plant having the genotype YYRR: ? x ? = 1/16 Question: For a dihybrid cross, YyRr x YyRr, what is the probability of an F2 plant having the genotype YYRR? “ ” “ ”