生物专业英语chapter 9 Biotechnology.pptVIP

Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Alcohol fuels are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses and any sugar or starch that alcoholic beverages can be made from (like potato and fruit waste, etc.). The ethanol production methods used are enzyme digestion (to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars, distillation and drying. The distillation process requires significant energy input for heat (often unsustainable natural gas fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as bagasse, the waste left after sugar cane is pressed to extract its juice, can also be used more sustainably). 9.4 Bioalcohols –Additional Reading (Continued) Professional Words and Phrases (Continued) bioethanol [bai?ueθ?n?ul] n. 生物乙醇 ferment [f?:ment] v. 发酵 cellulosic [seljul?usik] adj. 纤维素的 feedstock [fi:dst?k] n. 原料 sugar beet 糖用甜菜 sugar cane 糖用甘蔗 molasses [m?l?siz] n. 糖浆 distillation [dist?lei??n] n. 蒸馏 bagasse [b?g?s] n. 甘蔗渣 Ethanol can be used in petrol engines as a replacement for gasoline; it can be mixed with gasoline to any percentage. Most existing car petrol engines can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with petroleum/gasoline. Ethanol has a smaller energy density than gasoline, which means it takes more fuel (volume and mass) to produce the same amount of work. An advantage of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is that it has a higher octane rating than ethanol-free gasoline available at roadside gas stations which allows an increase of an engines compression ratio for increased thermal efficiency. In high altitude (thin air) locations, some states mandate a mix of gasoline and ethanol as a winter oxidizer to reduce atmospheric pollution emissions. 9.1 Biotechnology (Continued) Ethanol is also used to fuel bioethanol fireplaces. As they do not require a chimney and are flueless, bioethanol fires are extremely useful for new build homes and apartments without a flue. The downside to these