Land and Natural Resource Redistribution in Zimbabwe Access, Equity and Conflict.外文翻译.docVIP

毕业论文（设计）文献翻译 Land and Natural Resource Redistribution in Zimbabwe: Access, Equity and Conflict. The struggle for land redistribution in Zimbabwe raises a number of critical policy questions, and lessons for the southern Africa region. Twenty years after independence following armed liberation struggle, the structural roots of Zimbabwe’s current political conflict and economic crisis remain largely defined by racially based inequalities in land ownership and access, to related resources. In this context the Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) together with land owners and the international community ‘have been seeking’ a framework for land negotiations since 1980s, however the market route chosen for land transfer was ineffective and failed to deliver adequate land for resettlement. One of the unique features of Zimbabwe’s land reform crisis is that its decolonization in 1980 was not accompanied by guaranteed arrangements for the former colonial powers to restore lost land rights or to compensate for the same. While, the United Kingdom (UK) in 1997 at Lancaster House promised ￡75 million for Zimbabwe’s land redistribution alongside apparent United States of America (USA) offers of US$ 500 million for the same, there was no formally binding procedure which underlay this. Reparations were not directly discussed. Instead a vague “development assistance” framework was used to prescribe such support, in spite of the fact that the “Kissinger US$ 1 billion” for Zimbabwe mooted in 1976 as the basis for a political settlement which accommodated white settlers in an independent Zimbabwe. By 2000, Zimbabwe had received ￡30 million. In contrast the Kenyan decolonization process came with over ￡100 million provided in loans and grants for land acquisition and resettlement. Indeed Zimbabwe’s decolonization required the post-independence government to compensate land at market prices and to pay retired pensioners in foreign currency. Thus colonial obligations for land restoration