量化技术性贸易壁垒的影响在新政策背景下对过去的政策的评价外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Quantifying the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: A Review of Past Attempts and the New Policy Context Material Source: World Bank Author : Keith E. Maskus John S. Wilson This paper provides an overview of the policy debate and methodological issues surrounding product standards and technical barriers to trade. There has been a rising use of technical regulations as instruments of commercial policy in unilateral,regional, and global trade contexts. These non-tariff barriers are of particular concern to developing countries, which may bear additional costs in meeting such mandatory standards. We begin with a review of the policy context driving demand for empirical analysis of standards in trade. We then provide an analytical overview of the role of standards and their relationship to trade. The paper then explains justifications for voluntary standards and mandatory technical regulations. Standards have impacts on both static and dynamic market failures. We review methodological approaches that have been used to analyze standards. The main interest lies in advancing techniques that are practical and may be fruitfully extended to the empirical analysis of standards and trade.The contribution of the paper is to discuss a set of concrete steps that could be taken to move forward a policy-relevant and practical research program of empirical work. Such steps would include (1) administering firm-level surveys in developing countries, (2)devising methods for assessing the trade restrictiveness of standards, and (3) establishing econometric approaches that could be applied to survey and micro data for understanding the role of standards in export dynamics. The impact of standards and technical regulations on trade is at the forefront of policy discussions.1 This is particularly true in relation to challenges confronting developing nations as they seek to increase production for global export markets. In regard to voluntary standards, such as those in the I