贸易增长与环境外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Trade，Growth，and the Environment Material Source: Journal of Economic Literature， Vol.42,No.1,(Mar，2004)pp.7-71 Author: Brian R. Copeland and M. Scott Taylor 3. Trade Liberalization and the Environment We now turn to the impact of international trade on the environment. We draw the usual distinction between trade and growth: trade liberalization changes relative goods prices by opening up the economy to increased foreign competition, while growth increases endowments or improves technology at given external prices. While this distinction is clear, it may not always be accurate. There is empirical evidence that trade liberalization also stimulates economic growth, and at a theoretical level, trade can alter the rate of growth if it spurs innovation or factor accumulation. In addition, trade may also pave the way for labor and capital mobility and technology transfer. Hence, trade can set in motion forces that shift the production. We first examine the effects of trade on the environment in a small open economy facing fixed world prices to emphasize three major points. First, the effect of trade liberalization on the environment depends on a countrys comparative advantage, which in turn depends on country characteristics. There is no reason to expect trade to have the same effect on all countries. Second, the effects of trade on the environment depend on whether environmental policy is rigid or instead responsive to changes brought about by trade. When policy is rigid we will show that outcomes depend on the type of environmental policy instruments used by regulators. Finally, the welfare effects of trade liberalization are sensitive to both a countrys comparative advantage and the flexibility of its policy regime. Trade Frictions. For modeling purposes, we need to be specific about the trade barriers that are being reduced. Some trade barriers (such as tariffs) generate revenue; others, such as distance, generate productive activities such as transportati