2001年 国家责任条款注释.docVIP

2.条款草案案文及其评注 77.委员会第五十三届会议通过的条款草案案文及其评注载录如下： 国家对国际不法行为的责任 (1)本条款试图以编纂和逐渐发展方式拟订关于国家对国际不法行为的责任的国际法的基本规则。重点是在国家责任的次级规则上：也就是说，根据国际法认定国家应对其违法的作为或不作为负责的一般条件，以及由此引起的法律后果。 本条款并不试图界定那些如果违背便会引起责任的国际义务的内容。这是初级规则的职能，编纂初级规则需要重申大部分实体国际法，习惯的和协定的。 (1) These articles seek to formulate, by way of codification and progressive development, the basic rules of international law concerning the responsibility of States for their internationally wrongful acts. The emphasis is on the secondary rules of State responsibility: that is to say, the general conditions under international law for the State to be considered responsible for wrongful actions or omissions, and the legal consequences which flow therefrom. The articles do not attempt to define the content of the international obligations breach of which gives rise to responsibility. This is the function of the primary rules, whose codification would involve restating most of substantive international law, customary and conventional. (2) 罗伯特·阿戈先生，负责确定本草案的基本结构和项目的定位的人，经历了本条款成为详细说明下列问题的…… ： “据以确定国家的国际不法行为的责任的原则，在这项任务和确定对国家加以义务的规则之间保持严格的区别，违背这些规则可能产生责任……。 确定一项规则和该规则要求国家承担的义务是一回事，确定该项义务是否已经被违背以及违背义务的后果应当是什么则是另一回事。” (2) Roberto Ago, who was responsible for establishing the basic structure and orientation of the project, saw the articles as specifying .. the principles which govern the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, maintaining a strict distinction between this task and the task of defining the rules that place obligations on States, the violation of which may generate responsibility . [I]t is one thing to define a rule and the content of the obligation it imposes, and another to determine whether that obligation has been violated and what should be the consequences of the violation (3)在有了初级规则规定一个国家根据国际法应当承担的义务的情况下，假定已经发生该国是否履行了国际义务的问题，还会产生若干一般性问题，其中包括： (a)在将行为定性为非法方面，国际法的有别于有关国家国内法的作用； (b)确定在什么情况下行为是归因于作为国际法主体的有关国家的； (c)明确一国在什么时候违背国际义务和在多长的期间内违背或持续违背国际义务； (d)确定一国在什么情况下可能为另一国实行的违背该另一国的国际义务的行为负责； (3) Gi