分子生物学(中英对照有备注)Sample.pptVIP

* 单链DNA在此波长下吸收很多光，而双链DNA吸收较少的光。因此，测定样品的光吸收值可以显示DNA分子变性到了什么程度。 * Bases are ringed structures. Bases with two rings are purines; bases with one ring are pyrimidines. The name nitrogenous base comes from the fact that each ring has two nitrogen atoms. Different chemical groups such as amino and carbonyl groups may be attached to the rings to give each base its unique chemical properties. * There are two kinds of sugar in nucleotides. One is ribose and the other is deoxyribose. A ribose has hydroxyl groups at both 2’ and 3’ carbons. But a deoxyribose has a hydroxyl group only at 3’ carbon. * Nucleotides containing the ribose are called ribonucleotides. Those containing a deoxyribose are called deoxyribonucleotides. * The triphosphate group is connected to the 5’ carbon of the sugar. It is often used as the energy source for certain reactions. * Nucleotides are polymerized to form nucleic acids. If deoxy-ribonucleotides are used, the polymer is called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. If ribonucleotides are used, the polymer is called ribonucleic acid, RNA. * When nucleotides are polymerized, the triphosphate group of one nucleotide reacts with the 3’-OH (hydroxyl) group of another nucleotide. In this reaction, two phosphates are removed from one nucleotide, and the two nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds. * Like peptides, the nucleic acid polymer is linear, meaning it has no branches. On one end of the polymer is the 3’-OH group of a nucleotide. This end is called the three prime end. On the other end is a 5’-triphosphate group of a different nucleotide. That is called the five prime end. * Between the two ends of the DNA is a simple, repeating structure of sugars connected by phosphodiester bonds. This structure is called the sugar-phosphate backbone. * The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA has many negative charges due to the phosphodiester bonds that hold together the nucleotides. That is why DNA can bind very tightly to histones to form nucl