环境生态学Chapter 2.pptVIP

The Abiotic Environment of Ecosystem Chapter 2 2.1 Atmosphere2.1.1 Atmospheric structure The atmosphere is a collection of gases that gravity holds in a thin envelope around Earth elements and compounds: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and water troposphere: 15 km altitude stratosphere: 15-50 km altitude 2.2 Hydrosphere2.2.1 Water resource Figure 2.21 Water balance in the hydrologic cycle Summary of the Hydrologic Cycle The hydrologic cycle consists of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and gravitational flow. Three principal loops: 1.Surface runoff loop: in which water runs across the ground surface and becomes part of the surface water system 2.Evapotranspiration loop: in which water infiltrates, is held as capillary water and then returns to the atmosphere by way of evapotranspiration 3.Groundwater loop: in which water infiltrates, percolates down to join the groundwater, and then moves through aquifers, finally exiting through springs, seeps, or wells, where it rejoins the surface water * * Figure 2.1 Structure and temperature profile of the atmosphere Figure 2.2 Solar energy balance 2.1.2 Weather Weather: The day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation The scientific study of the atmosphere, both of weather and climate, is meteorology 2.1.3 Climate Climate is the result of long-term weather patterns in a region Rotation of the earth around the sun Figure 2.3 A convection cell Figure 2. 4 Annual mean global surface temperatures Figure 2.6 The oceanic Conveyor system 2.1.4 Globe warming (Greenhouse effects) Carbon dioxide Water vapor Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide CFCs and other halocarbons Figure 2.7 Global warming and cooling Figure 2.8 Sources of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel burning 2.1.5 Depletion of the ozone layer Figure 2.11 Stratospheric ozone formation and destruction Figure 2.12 The Antarctic ozone hole 2.1.6 Acid deposition The combina