社会调查与研究方法复习资料.docVIP

社会调查与研究方法复习资料 Ⅰ 名词解释 Systematic sampling(系统抽样):In systematic sampling, every kth element in the total list is chosen (systematically) for inclusion. (系统抽样是系统地选择完整名单中的每第k个要素组成样本.) Induction(归纳):Inductive reasoning , or induction, moves from the particular to the general, from a set of specific observations to the discovery of a pattern that represents some degree of order among all the given events.(归纳推理,或者说归纳,是从个别出发以达到一般性,从一系列特定的观察中,发现一种模式,在一定程度上代表所有给定事件的秩序.) The ecological fallacy(区位谬误):The ecological fallacy is the assumption that something learned about an ecological unit says something about the individuals making up that unit. (区位谬误是假定以区位为单位得到的结果也可以在区位个体中获得证实.) Dimension(维度):The technical term for such groupings is dimension: a specifiable aspect of a concept. (分类的技术术语就是维度:概念的具体方面或层面.) Macrotheory and microtheory(宏观理论和微观理论): ①macrotheory: A theory aimed at understanding the “big picture” of institutions, whole societies, and the interactions among societies. Karl Marx’s examination of the class struggle is an example of macrotheory.②microtheory: A theory aimed at understanding social life at the intimate level of individuals and their interactions. Examining how the play behaviour of girl differs form that of boys would be an example of microtheory. Deduction(演绎推理): This second mode of inquiry, known as deductive reasoning or deduction, moves from the general to the specific. It moves from (1) a pattern that might be logically or theoretically expected to (2)observations that test whether the expected pattern actually occurs.(这是第二种研究方式,就是演绎推理,或者演绎.演绎推理是从一般到个别,从逻辑或理论上预期的模式到观察检验预期的模式是否确实存在.) Reductionism(简化论):Reductionism involves attempts to explain a particular phenomenon in terms of limited and / or lowerorder concepts. (简化论是用一组特别的,狭窄的概念来看待和解释所有事物.) Ordinal measure(定序测量): Variable with attributes we can logically rank-order are ordinal measures. (根据变量的属性进行逻辑排列就是定序测量.) 9. Close-ended questions(封闭式问题): Survey questions in which the respondent is asked to selec