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07-Jandt 5e-(V-5).qxd 7/13/2006 1:35 PM Page 159 CHAPTER 7 Dimensions of Culture What You Can Learn From This Chapter Cultural dimensions and examples of countries Cultural dimensions important to understanding Japan Cultural dimensions important to understanding China n 1980, the Dutch management researcher Geert Hofstede first published Ithe results of his study of more than 100,000 employees of the multinational IBM in 40 countries (Hofstede, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1991, 1997, 2001). Hofstede was attempting to locate value dimensions across which cultures vary. His dimensions have been frequently used to describe cultures. Hofstede identified four dimensions that he labeled individualism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance. His individualism-collectivism dimen- sion describes cultures from loosely structured to tightly integrated. The masculinity- femininity dimension describes how a culture’s dominant values are assertive or nurturing. Power distance refers to the distribution of influence within a culture. And uncertainty avoidance reflects a culture’s tolerance of ambiguity and accep- tance of risk. Hofstede and Bond (1984; also see Chinese Culture Connection, 1987) iden- tified a fifth dimension, a Confucian dynamism labeled long-term orientation versus short-term orientation to life. The Confucian dynamism dimension describes cultures that range from short-term values with respect for tradition