MC SYSTEM-课件十一：俄国农奴制改革The Emancipation .pptVIP

课件十一：俄国农奴制改革The Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia（11-1-1） 一、农奴制的俄国及其对外扩张 二、农奴制危机和革命民主主义 的产生 三、1861年的农奴制改革 改革前的农奴状况Background By 1861, estimates are that about 52 million people in Russia were serfs out of a population of 74 million. Lords allotted their serfs a piece of land on which to live and work off their obligations. These allotments also were supposed to provide for the serfs subsistence. Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on their lords land (barshchina), or they paid in money or dues (obrok). By 1861, 71 % of serfs owed barshchina, and the rest owed a combination of obrok and barshchina. Serfs fell into three categories: gentry, state, and appanage serfs. Gentry serfs(私有农奴） were those belonging to the nobility. State serfdom （国家农奴）developed under Peter the Great in the 18th century. These peasants were a diverse group of people who fell into the category of state peasant by default（不履行契约）, either because their owners broke the law and they were confiscated, or because they owed military service to the state. Appanage peasants（采邑农奴） belonged to the imperial family. They suffered the worst conditions. The allotment（分配） of land for appanage serfs was unequal, and many of them had allotments that were insufficient for existence. Peter Ⅰ “the Great” (1672-1725 , czar of Russia 1682-1725) 彼得大帝 Assuming personal power(1689), he gave Russia an outlet to the Black Sea by capturing Azov from Turks(1695-96)，After extensive travels in Europe(1697-98), he began to westernize Russian institutions. His victory over the Swedes (1709) in the Northern War gave Russia access to the Baltic. In 1713, he moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Peter’s Reform彼得一世改革 His other reforms included: 1. the reorganization of army, and the founding of a navy; 2. the reorganization of government; 3. the establishment of several hundred of factories, the construction of canals, and establishing a new tax system; 4. the constr