太阳能电池发展历史与特点.pdfVIP

三、太阳能电池的发展历史与特点 太阳能电池是一种近年发展起来的新型的电 池。太阳能电池是利用光电转换原理使太阳的辐 射光通过半导体物质转变为电能的一种器件，这 种光电转换过程通常叫做“光生伏打效应”，因此太 阳能电池又称为“光伏电池”，用于太阳能电池的半 导体材料是一种介于导体和绝缘体之间的特殊物 质，即半导体材料。 Photovoltaic (or PV) systems convert light energy into electricity. The term photo is a stem from the Greek phos, which means light. Volt is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a pioneer in the study of electricity. Photo-voltaics, then, could literally mean light- electricity. Most commonly known as solar cells”. PV systems are already an important part of our lives. The simplest systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches we use every day. More complicated systems provide electricity for pumping water, powering communications equipment, and even lighting our homes and running our appliances. In a surprising number of cases, PV power is the cheapest form of electricity for performing these tasks. 人类很早以前就已梦想能直接从太 阳光得到所需的能量，而太阳能利 用的现代科学研究则始于1845年， 一位奥地利人C.Gunter发明了由许多 镜片组成的太阳能锅炉。 1962年就开始有带有太阳能电池的电子 产品出现。现在，低成本太阳能电池的开发已 列入许多国家的开发计划，美国能源部、日本 通产省和澳大利亚都制定了阳光计划以对高效 率低成本太阳能电池进行技术开发。 太阳能电池的发展历史： History: PV Timeline 早在1839年， 法国科学家比克丘勒（当时 只有19岁）就发现一种奇特现象，即半导体在电 解质溶液中会产生光电效应，以此原理构成的液 结太阳电池是一种光电、光化的复杂转换。简单 来说，是将一种半导体电极插入某种电解液中， 在太阳光照射的作用下，电极产生电流，同时从 电解液中释放出氢气。适合作这种电极的材料很 多，如硫化镉、碲化镉、砷化镓、磷化镓、磷化 铟、二氧化钛等。 The effect was first studied in solids, such as selenium, by Heinrich Hertz in the 1870s. Soon afterward, selenium PV cells were converting light to electricity at 1% to 2% efficiency. As a result, selenium was quickly adopted in the emerging field of photography for use in light- measuring devices.