18th century enlightenment age 英国文学史及选读课件.ppt

Glorious Revolution 18th Century I. Historical Background Politically: After Bourgeois Revolution, the Tory and Whig joined hands against tyranny and restoration of Catholicism, and welcomed to the throne Mary and her husband, William of Orange (Glorious Revolution/Bloodless Revolution) in 1688, thus ending the autocratic monarchy 君主独裁制, replacing it with a constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制. The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament and cabinet ministers. With it established the capitalist system once and for all in England . Stuart Dynasty Mary II and William III (1688-1694, -1702) Anne (1702-1714)) Hanoverian dynasty George I (1714-1727) George II (1727-1760) George III (1760-1820) Socially: Age of Bourgeoisie The old aristocratic class was fast loosing its power politically and economically to the rising urban middle class or bourgeoisie who worked hard, economized and accumulated great wealth and became the mainstay of the nation. The Puritan spirit of wisdom, diligence, honesty, and thriftiness contributed greatly to the development of the country. They accumulated more wealth and money, and their social status was raised. Economically: Industrial Revolution the beginning of larger- scale manufacturing continued to expand its colonies abroad in Asia, Africa and North America, which led to social unrest in Scotland, Ireland, America Ideologically: Age of Enlightenment Under the influence of scientific discoveries (Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started. Enlightenment: an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe. a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfection through educ