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BAM: Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria September 2002 Bacteriological Analytical ManualChapter 4Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria Authors: Peter Feng, Stephen D. Weagant, Michael A. Grant Chapter Contents Conventional Method for Determining Coliforms and E. coli LST-MUG Method for Detecting E. coli in Chilled or Frozen Foods Exclusive of Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish Bottled Water Examination of Shellfish and Shellfish Meats Analysis for E. coli in citrus juices Other Methods for Enumerating Coliforms and E. coli References Escherichia coli, originally known as Bacterium coli commune, was identified in 1885 by the German pediatrician, Theodor Escherich (14, 29). E. coli is widely distributed in the intestine of humans and warm-blooded animals and is the predominant facultative anaerobe in the bowel and part of the essential intestinal flora that maintains the physiology of the healthy host (9, 29). E. coli is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae (15), which includes many genera, including known pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Although most strains of E. coli are not regarded as pathogens, they can be opportunistic pathogens that cause infections in immunocompromised hosts. There are also pathogenic strains of E. coli that when ingested, causes gastrointestinal illness in healthy humans (see Chap. 4A). In 1892, Shardinger proposed the use of E. coli as an indicator of fecal contamination. This was based on the premise that E. coli is abundant in human and animal feces and not usually found in other niches. Furthermore, since E. coli could be easily detected by its ability to ferment glucose (later changed to lactose), it was easier to isolate than known gastrointestinal pathogens. Hence, the presence of E. coli in food or water became accepted as indicative of recent fecal contamination and the possible presence of frank pathogens. Although the concept of using E. coli as an indirect i