从生存理性到社会理性选择——当代中国农民外出就业动因社会学分析.pdfVIP

社会学研究 2001 年第 6 期 从生存理性到社会理性选择 : 当代中国农民外出就业动因的社会学分析 文 　　　军 　　Abstract :Peasants in contemporary China take around seventy percents of the total popu lation , and thus the tone of many social problems is still determined by peasants. Now the problem that peasants go out for employment is becoming more and more important in contem porary China studies. The basic causes of peasants’outgo for employment are closely linked to the economic and social development in China , and to Chinese history and culture . It is the outcome of survival pressure and rational choice . Rational choice comprises of three levels : survival rational choice , economic rational choice and social rational choice . Furthermore , the survival rational choice is the fundamental level , and only when the survival rational choice is fully realized can economic rational choice and social rational choice be produced . Nowadays the outgoing peasants represent a progress from survival rational choice to social rational choice or economic rational choice under the condition of more flexible institutions. 一 、问题的提出 农民外出就业问题一直是当代中国研究的一个十分重要的内容 ,也是自80 年代以来我国 ① 社会学界始终关注的焦点问题 。从国际学术界来看 ,这也是一个世界性的课题 ,它早就引起 了经济学家 、社会学家和人口学家的关注 ,尤其在寻求解释农民外出就业的动因方面 , 曾出现 ( ) 了各种各样的理论解释 ,其中比较著名的有拉文斯坦 E. G. Ravenstein 等人提出的“推 —拉”理 ( ) ( ) ( 论 、刘易斯 W. A .Lewis 的“二元经济”结构理论 、舒尔茨 J . W. Schultz 的“三态论”、钱钠里 H. ) ( ) B . Chenery 和塞尔昆 M. Syrquin 的“多国模型”论等 。这些理论解释大多是站在经济学的立 场 ,从宏观