暴风苏公式化语法：第一章：句子结构word版.docVIP

第一章：句子结构 第一讲：句子成分 英语中的句子成分分为：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，宾语补足语, 定语,状语和同位语。 1. 主语。 一般位于句首（倒装句除外），由名词，代词，数词，不定式，V-ing或句子充当。除祈使句之外，其他所有的句式中都必须有主语。 a. The book is interesting. (the book为名词，做主语) b. He is a teacher. （he为代词，做主语） c. There are three kids. Two are boys. (two为数词，做主语) d. To finish the work is impossible. (to finish the work in time为不定式，做主语) c. Learning English is not that difficult. (learning English 为V-ing, 做主语) d. What a teacher says matters a lot to students. (what a teacher says为句子，做主语) 2. 谓语。 位于主语之后（倒装句和祈使句除外），绝对由动词（实义动词和系动词）来充当。一般情况下，一个完整的句子必须有谓语(口语除外)，而且只有一个谓语（and和but连接的并列谓语除外）。 （1）单独的实义动词或系动词动词做谓语。句子的谓语部分只有一个单独的实义动词或系动词（and和but连接的并列谓语除外）。 a. He is a teacher. (is为系动词，做谓语) b. He likes English. (like为实义动词，做谓语) （2）实义动词或系动词与一个或一个以上的助动词构成时态，共同做谓语。 a. He is reading. (is为助动词，与其后的实义动词reading构成现在进行时，共同做谓语) b. I have been working for three hours. (have been 为助动词，与其后的实义动词working构成现在完成进行时，共同做谓语) c. Tom had been a teacher for three years when he met Marry. (had为助动词，与其后系动词been构成过去完成时，共同做谓语) （3）实义动词与助动词be构成被动语态，共同做谓语.当然还可以与其他的助动词一块儿构成不同时态的被动语态. a. He was fired. (was 为助动词，与其后的实义动词fired构成被动语态，共同做谓语) b. The work has been finished. (has been 为助动词，与其后的实义动词finished构成现在完成时的被动语态，共同做谓语) （4）实义动词或系动词与情态动词共同做谓语。情态动词位于实义动词或系动词之前。当然，也可以配合助动词构成时态或语态。 a. You can do it. (can 为情态动词，与其后do 共同构成谓语) b. The work must be finished. (must 为情态动词，be 为助动词，与其后finished 共同构成谓语) c. You should have finished it. (should为情态动词，have 为助动词，与其后finished 共同构成谓语) （5）助动词do/did+动词原形，对谓语动词进行强调。do 强调一般现在时，did强调一般过去时，共同做谓语。 a. I do like music. (do 为助动词，强调其后like, 共同做谓语) b. I did finish my work. (did 为助动词，强调其后finish, 共同做谓语) 3. 宾语。 宾语通常由名词，代词，数词，不定式，V-ing或句子来充当。宾语分为三种：一,谓语动词宾语；二，非谓语动词宾语；三，介词宾语。 （1）谓语动词的宾语。 谓语动词宾语紧跟动词之后。 a. I like music. (music为名词，做宾语) b. I hate her. (her为代词，作宾语) c. There were only three tickets left, but I bought one. (one为数词，做宾语) d. I hope to live in a big house. (to live 为不定式，做宾语) c. He likes reading. (reading 为V-ing， 做宾语) d. I know who he is. (who he is 为句子，做宾语) （2）非谓语动词的宾语。 非谓语动词的宾语紧跟在非谓语动词之后。 a. To catch the earl