补充：网络与通信.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * Firewalls initially started out as a security measure But today used for NATs (e.g., home networks) * * * Draw figure * conceptual view way in which software is organized Packet traversal * * * * * * * * * * * – loopback Network itself Broadcast within network The network id itself * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ARP Example Routers have multiple network Interface cards/devices. Each interface has a different MAC/IP address. ARP Suppose host 1’s IP layer () gets a packet from its transport layer destined for (host 2)? Host 1’s IP layer broadcasts an ARP packet onto the Ethernet asking: ``Who owns IP address ? Host 2 responds with its Ethernet address (E2). The IP layer on host 1 builds an Ethernet frame addressed to E2, puts the IP packet in the payload field, and transmits it on the Ethernet. The Ethernet board of host 2 detects this frame and causes an interrupt, to deliver the packet to the IP layer on host 2. Thus, the packet is transmitted from host 1’s IP layer to host 2’s IP layer ARP The performance of ARP can be improved by caching the broadcast results. Host 1 can include its own IP to Ethernet mapping in the ARP packet. ARP Suppose host 1’s IP layer () gets a packet from its transport layer with destination address set to (host 4)? Host 1’s IP layer broadcasts an ARP packet onto the Ethernet asking: ``Who owns IP address ? Router E3/F1 responds with its Ethernet address (E3). The IP layer on host 1 transmits an Ethernet frame addressed to E3 The E3 Ethernet board of router F1 receives the frame and delivers it to the IP layer on F1 F1’s IP layer knows from the destination address of in the packet that it has to be next sent to . F1’s IP layer sends an ARP on the FDDI ring for IP address . Router E4/F3 replies. F1’s IP layer transmits an FDDI frame (containing the packet) addressed to F3 The FDDI board of F3 receives the frame, and delivers it to the IP layer. F3 knows fr