语言学 Chapter 5 Semantics.pptVIP

Tom smokes. ? TOM (SMOKE) The tree grows well. ? TREE (GROW) The kids like apples. ? KIDS (LIKE) APPLE I sent him a letter. ? I (SEND) HIM LETTER The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, include his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is called affective meaning or emotive meaning. It is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. It is the product of people’s recognition and imagination. p115 The associations a word gets because of the meaning s of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context are called collocative meaning. It refers to meanings arise out of the way in which the writer or speaker organizes his message. a set of words with an identifiable semantic connection-lexical field Lexical gap 词汇空缺：The absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. 5.3.5.1 Homonymy 同音异义 5.3.5.2 Polysemy 多义性 Homonyms: Words of the same linguistic form but different meanings Homonymy: relationships of two or more meanings sharing the same linguistic form E.g. lie, bat, race, pupil Homonymy---- the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, e.g. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homophone ---- when two words are identical in sound, e.g. rain-reign, night/knight, … Homogragh ---- when two words are identical in spelling, e.g. tear(n.)-tear(v.), lead(n.)-lead(v.), … Complete homonym---- when two words are identical in both sound and spelling, e.g. ball, bank, watch, scale, fast, … Polysemous/polysemic: a word has two or more meanings that are related conceptually or historically. For example： foot，head Polysemy----the same one word may have more than one meaning, e.g. “table” may mean: A piece of furniture All the people seated at a table The food that is put on a table A thin flat piece of stone, metal wood, etc. Orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc.