meaning(外延意义).ppt

Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary Aims of the unit: 1.Assumptions about vocabulary and vocabulary building 2.What does knowing a word involve? 3.Methods for presenting new vocabulary items 4.Ways to consolidate vocabulary 5.Ways to help students develop vocabulary building strategies 8.1 Understanding vocabulary vocabulary learning People have different understandings of: What a vocabulary item is; How an item can be learned and consolidate; Which items should be learned; To what extent the items should be learned and practised. (p. 117, Task 2) 8.2 What does knowing a word involve? A simple answer would be (1)knowing its pronunciation stress; (2) knowing its spelling grammar; (3) knowing its meaning; (4) knowing how when to use it to express the intended meaning. According to Hedge (2000), vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning. The first aspect involves the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning. The second aspect involves understanding the sense relations among words. denotative meaning(外延意义) 词的意义一般包括语法意义和词汇意义，前者指词与词之间的相互关系，后者指词所表达的意思，通常分为外延意义（denotative meaning）和内涵意义 (connotative meaning)两类。词的外延意义即所指意义（referential meaning）或认知意义（cognitive meaning），它是以客观世界的特定所指以及约定俗成的意义为基础的，也就是词典中所给出的定义。 connotative meaning内涵意义 所谓内涵意义(connotative meaning)，是隐含于或附加在概念意义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有内涵意义，有时还是很不相同的内涵意义。这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。如英语中的goose有愚蠢的内涵意义，但汉语中的鹅却没有这种不好的内涵意义。 Collocative meaning 搭配意义 Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. 搭配意义是词语与其可能或必须同时出现的词语搭配时所产生的特殊联想意义，是长期使用过程中形成的语言习惯。 词语搭配包括词语搭配（Lexical Collocations）和语法词语搭配（Grammatical Collocations）。前者主要包括“动词+名词”、“名词+动词”、“形容词+名词”、“副词+动词”及“名词+名词”等搭配，掌握好它们就可增强语感，准确道地地表达出要说或者要写的语言信息。后者包括“介词+名词”、“名词+介词”、“形容词+介词”、“动词+介词”及“介词+名词+介词”等 Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms synonyms同义词----synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words that are close in meaning. 指意义相同或相近的词 . antonyms反义词---wo