托福阅读机经下载之壤形成.docVIP

托福阅读机经下载之土壤形成 土壤形成7月 　　在2014年7月12日的托福阅读考试中有这样一道题：土壤的形成(soil formation)(the culture of Mesoamerica)。针对这道托福考题，新东方张俊聪老师来为大家普及一下关于土壤的形成的背景知识，这样有助于考生在面对这类题目时方便作答。新东方张俊聪老师指出：地理地质类主题是托福阅读常见考点，结构不难理解。需注意各例证和主题的支撑关系。由于条理清晰，最后一题尽量考虑从正面选出，排除为辅。 　　托福阅读真题再现： 　　土壤的形成(soil formation) 　　版本一： 第二篇是土壤的形成，里面讲到了水、气候、地市对土壤的影响 　　版本二：讲土壤和水的关系。讲了水在土壤里的流动和蒸发速度，在不同地形的水的流失，具体讲了一个是悬崖边上的水为什么比陆地上的水干的要快。 　　版本三： 　　新东方张俊聪解析： 　　解析：本文围绕土壤如何形成这个主题展开论证。做题时需注意记录笔记，对于结构化阅读及最后一题的解答有很大好处。地理地质类主题是托福阅读常见考点，结构不难理解。需注意各例证和主题的支撑关系。由于条理清晰，最后一题尽量考虑从正面选出，排除为辅。推荐的文章是TPO14的文章Maya Water Problems。 　　相关背景： 　　Soil Formation 　　Climate[edit] 　　Climate regulates soil formation. Soils are more developed in areas with higher rainfall and more warmth. The rate of chemical weathering increases by 2-3 times when the temperature increases by 10 degrees Celsius. Climate also affects which organisms are present, affecting the soil chemically and physically (movement of roots). 　　Organisms[edit] 　　The organisms living in and on the soil form distinct soil types. Coniferous forests have acidic leaf litter and form what are known as inceptisols. Mixed or deciduous forests leave a larger layer of humus, changing the elements leeched and accumulated in the soil, forming alfisols. Prairies have very high humus accumulation, creating a dark, thick A horizon characteristic of mollisols. 　　For example three species of land snails in the genus Euchondrus in the Negev desert are noted for eating lichens growing under the surface limestone rocks and slabs (endolithic lichens).[3] They disrupt and eat the limestone.[3] Their grazing resulting in the weathering of the stones, and the subsequent formation of soil.[3] They have a significant effect on the region: the total population of snails is estimated to process between 0.7 and 1.1 metric ton per hectare per year of limestone in the Negev desert.[3] 　　Parent material[edit] 　　The rock from which soil is formed is called parent material. The main types are: aeolian sediments, glacial till, glac