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Higher education in France: the grandes écoles and specialist schools The higher education possibilities available to students in France include studying at the grandes écoles and other specialist schools and institutes: - The grandes écoles, a very selective system: . These include schools of engineering, business, management, political science and administration. . Admission is via a competitive examination after two years of classe préparatoire or on the basis of exam results (with stage exams) after two, three or four years of higher education. - Specialist schools and institutes: . These offer training in specific areas such as the arts, architecture, paramedical services, journalism, radio and television, social services and more. . Students are awarded State diplomas or the institute’s own diplomas/certificates. Higher education in France: the current duration of further study Because higher education has not yet been completely standardized across Europe, the duration of further study in France depends on the type of institute and varies according to the diploma the student is working toward: - At universities, which award general university diplomas: . For a Dipl?me d’études Universitaires Générales (DEUG): two years. . For a licence: three years. . For a ma?trise: four years. . For a Dipl?me d’études Supérieures Spécialisées (DESS) or a Dipl?me d’études Approfondies (DEA): five years. . For a PhD: a minimum of eight years. - At the grandes écoles: three to five years, depending on the entry level. - At the specialist schools: two to seven years, depending on the type of course. Higher education in France: standardization across Europe There are four objectives for a gradual system reform, which should be complete by 2010: - make it easier for students to move around within Europe and increase their employment prospects. - make it easier to understand what the various higher education programmes consist of in order to standardize qualifications ac