主导因子分析.ppt

10 Chapter 10Predation Outline There are a variety of antipredator adaptations, which suggests that predation is important in nature Predator-prey models can explain many outcomes Field data suggests that predators have a large impact on prey populations Outline Experiments involving the removal or introduction of exotic predators provide good data on the effects of predators on their prey Field experiments involving the manipulations of native populations show predation to be a strong force Equilibrium theories of population regulation A.?? Extrinsic biotic school 1.?? Food supply and population regulation 2.?? Predation and population regulation 3.?? Disease and population ? B.?? Intrinsic school 1.?? Stress and territoriality 2.?? Genetic polymorphism hypothesis 3.?? Dispersal The causes of population change key factor analysis 主導因子分析 (一) Density-dependent factor 密度制約因子: (種內、種間因素)作用強度隨種群密度而變。A factor affecting population size whose intensity of action varies with density. (二) )Density independent factor非密度制約因素 (外界環境因素): having an influence on individuals that does not vary with the number of individuals per unit area in the population. Density-dependent factor 密度制約因子: 1. 種間因素 .食物、空間資源 ? 種內、種間競爭 .病蟲害傳播速度 .個體成熟速度 .體質和繁殖力、生長發育、自相殘殺、外遷 .植物結實數量 .抗逆性 ?? 在橡樹蛾的生活史裡，有不同的生活環境，不同的掠食者,寄生、競爭、環境壓力，在不同時期裡會有不同的死亡率。 2.種間因素 .競爭 .掠食、寄生 .遺傳反饋機制(抗病種的培育) 澳洲野兔 ? 粘液病毒 ? 抗病種 Density independent factor .氣候因素 .土壤因素 .營養 .理化 .空間 .汙染 Extrinsic factors: External factors acting on populations . Predation, parasitism . Competition for food ? density depended . Competition for space ? density depended . Random stochastic change ? density independent . Weather 1.種內因素 種群是一個具有自我調節 (self regulation)機制的生活系統，可以按照自身的性質及環境狀況調節它們的數量。 ? ＊植物的自疏現象 ＊禾本科植物的分的產生和生長 ＊遺傳特性(抗逆性) ＊內分泌調節(旅鼠) Crowding stress 腎上腺髓質(adrenocorticotropin) 腦下腺 (Epinephrine) 腎上腺皮質(Corticoids) 危急反應 Alarm response Introduction Wolves in Yellowstone Park (Figure 10.1) U.S. Fish and Wildlife