初一英语语法(苏教版).doc

现在完成时中“since”和“for”的区别 1） since +过去一个时间点　（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980， last month， half past six）。 I have been here since 1989. 2） since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3） since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years. （现在我仍在这里工作。） 小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 1）　（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago， and is still studying it now. 2）　（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago， and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years. 声音sound，noise 与 voice的区别 sound表示听起来像和连用，如It`s sounds like a bird.听起来像鸟在叫。 voice表示嗓音，说他的嗓音很动听，用his voice was good. noise是杂音，响动的意思。如我听到有动静。I heard a noise .这是一组与“声音”有关的名词，在使用上有区别。 sound泛指自然界各种各样的声音不论其高低、是否悦耳等。 如： I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声。 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。 noise表示“噪音、喧闹”，指的是人们不愿听到的声音或嘈杂声。它可以作可数名词，也可以用作不可数名词。如： I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。 Theres a lot of noise here. 这个地方人声嘈杂。 voice用于人时，指说话、歌唱或发笑的声音，也可指发言权。用于其它方面时，常含悦耳之声，如鸟鸣声，乐器声音等。如： Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。 说：tell，speak，say，talk的区别 tell 意为“告诉、讲述”，指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。 tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。 speak 意为“说话、讲话”，后面主要接语言。speak to 意为“和讲话、谈话”。 speak of 意为“提到、说起”。 speak