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The Earth and Beyond Contents The Solar System Stars Solar Systems, Galaxies the Universe Comets Life Cycle of Stars Red-Shift History of the Universe Future of the Universe SETI The Solar System Stars Stars are burning balls of gas e.g. our Sun Stars give out light This light reflects off planets so we can see them Planets are much smaller than stars … but they seem much bigger as they are much closer The 9 planets orbit the sun, Earth orbits the Sun once a year Stars Stars are burning balls of gas e.g. our Sun Stars give out light This light reflects off planets so we can see them Planets are much smaller than stars … but they seem much bigger as they are much closer The 9 planets orbit the sun, Earth orbits the Sun once a year Solar Systems, Galaxies the Universe Comets Comets appear every few years Comets have highly elliptical orbits around the Sun Comets are visible when they are close to the Sun A comet’s orbit is fastest near the Sun due to the Sun’s gravity. It slows as it moves further away from the Sun Life Cycle of Stars Red-Shift Light from distant galaxies is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum Frequencies become lower as they move away (like the Doppler Effect for sound) Further away = greater red-shift Universe is expanding Also evidence from microwave radiation (background radiation) that Universe is cooling History of the Universe 1. Steady State Theory Universe has always existed… and Universe will always exist No convincing evidence Not much support for the Steady State Theory History of the Universe 2. Big Bang Theory Universe was compressed and exploded – Big Bang Occurred 15 billion years ago Estimated by current rate of expansion Expansion is slowing due to gravity Future of the Universe According to the Big Bang Theory… 1. Expand Forever If too little mass for gravity to stop expansion… Universe will expand and spread out into eternity 2. Big Crunch If enough mass to stop expansion, universe will