TCPIP协议族，第3版（影印版）下载 附录D.pdfVIP

APPENDIX D Error Detection Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with complete accu- racy. A system that cannot guarantee that the data received by one device are identical to the data transmitted by another device is essentially useless. Yet any time data are trans- mitted from one node to the next, they can become corrupted in passage. Many factors can alter or wipe out one or more bits of a given data unit. Reliable systems must have a mechanism for detecting and correcting such errors. Data can be corrupted during transmission. For reliable communication, errors must be detected and corrected. D.1 TYPES OF ERRORS Whenever bits flow from one point to another, they are subject to unpredictable changes because of interference. This interference can change the shape of the signal. In a single-bit error, a 0 is changed to a 1 or a 1 to a 0. In a burst error, multiple bits are changed. For example, a 0.01-s burst of impulse noise on a transmission with a data rate of 1200 bps might change all or some of 12 bits of information. Single-Bit Error The term single-bit error means that only one bit of a given data unit (such as a byte, character, data unit, or packet) is changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. In a single-bit error, only one bit in the data unit has changed. Figure D.1 shows the effect of a single-bit error on a data unit. To understand the impact of the change, imagine that each group of 8 bits is an ASCII character with a 0 bit