3 形合与意合.ppt

形合与意合 形合(hypotaxis): 句子内部的连接靠的是句法手段和词汇手段。具体言之,英语句子通常以谓语动词为中心,以主谓结构为主干(因此,有人把英语句子称为主谓机制突出的句子),通过各种反映形式关系的连接词语如关系代词,关系副词,副词,连词,甚至是介词把整个句子搭架起来, 呈现出由中心向外扩展的样式。 因而,复合句是英语行文的主要特点. 语法属于显性。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗? I shall not go until he comes. 他不来,我不走. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day when the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. 他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈的妇女。她身材很高，仍然一副好模样，只是因受岁月折磨而有点憔悴。 A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insists that women have outgrown the jumping-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era, and colonel who says that they haven’t. 一位年轻女士和一位上校展开了一场热烈的讨论。女士坚持认为，妇女已有进步，看见老鼠就吓得跳上椅子的时代已经过去了；上校则认为不然。 意合(parataxis): 句子内部连接或外部连接靠的是语义手段。句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通,语境的映衬,而少用连接词语。“意合”主要靠句子内部逻辑联系.一切 “尽在不言中”.语法呈隐性。 Chinese is meaning-centered. 汉语句子建构在意念主轴上(thought-pivot). 说是说了，没有结果。 风太大了,回家吧。 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏的是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 水能载舟,亦能覆舟. As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的. While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns. 有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if there is any. 不进则退。 He who does not advance falls backward. Move forward, or you’ll fall behind. 知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。 （若）知彼（而又）知己，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知彼（而又）不知己，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you le