原子物理学Chap9.pptVIP

Chapter 9  Laser cooling and trapping Contents 9.1 The scattering force 散射力 9.2 Slowing an atomic beam 9.3 The optical molasses technique 9.4 The magneto-optical trap 9.5 Introduction to the dipole force 9.6 Theory of the dipole force 偶极力 9.7 The Sisyphus cooling technique 9.8 Raman transitions 跃迁 9.9 An atomic fountain 9.10 Conclusions 9.1 The scattering force The idea that radiation has momentum ( and energy ) which follows from the conservation of momentum动量守恒 that when an object absorbs radiation its momentum changes. The force equals the rate at which the light delivers, therefore radiation of intensity I exerts a force on area A given by Lasers produce well-collimated monochromatic beams 单色光束of light that can slow atoms in an atomic beam 9.2 Slowing an atomic beam The two pioneering laser cooling experiments used different methods to compensate for the change in Doppler shift as the atoms slowed down. William Phillips and co-workers used the ingenious method shown in figure. From eqns 9.7 and 9.8 we see that during constant deceleration the velocity at distance z from the starting point is given by This imbalance in the forces arising from the Doppler shift can be written as The force as a function of the velocity in the optical molasses technique (solid lines) for ( a ) , and ( b ) . In the region where the three orthogonal pairs of laser beams intersect the kinetic energy decreases: The above discussion of the optical molasses technique applies to one of pair of a counter-propagating laser beams. For the beams parallel to the z-axis , Newton’s second law gives 9.3.1 The Doppler cooling limit We can write the force from a single laser beam as During a time an atom scatters a mean number of photons This one-dimensional random walk caused by the fluctuations leads to an increase in the velocity spread similar to that in eqn 9.22 : Setting the time derivative equal to zero in eqn9