Statistical Inference, Multiple Comparisonsand Random Field Theory.pptVIP

Statistical Inference, Multiple Comparisonsand Random Field Theory Overview… Overview… …a voxel by voxel hypothesis testing approach reliably identify regions showing a significant experimental effect of interest Assessment of statistic images multiple comparisons random field theory smoothness spatial levels of inference power false discovery rate ? later... Generalisability, random effects  population inference inferring to the population group comparisons Non-parametric inference ? later... Statistical Parametric Mapping… Multiple comparisons… Classical hypothesis testing… Null hypothesis H test statistic null distributions Hypothesis test control Type I error incorrectly reject H test level ? Pr(“reject” H | H) ? ? test size Pr(“reject H | H) p?–value min a at which H rejected Pr(T???t?| H) characterising “surprise” Multiple comparisons… Multiple comparisons terminology… Simple threshold tests… Threshold u?? tk u? ? reject Hk reject any Hk ? reject H? reject H? if t?max u? Valid test weak control Pr(T?max u? ? H???) ? ? strong control since W ? ? Pr(TWmax u? ? HW??) ? ? Adjusted p –values Pr(T?max tk ? H?) The “Bonferroni” correction… “The” Bonferroni inequality Carlo Emilio Bonferroni (1936) For any set of events Ak : Bonferroni correction Ak : correctly “accept” Hk Tk u? Hk Assess Hk at level ? correction ? = ? / K Adjusted p?–values min(1,K pk?) Conservative for correlated tests independent: K tests some dependence : ? tests totally dependent: 1 test Random field theory… SPM approach: Random fields… Consider statistic image as lattice representation of a continuous random field Use results from continuous random field theory Euler characteristic… Topological measure of excursion set Au Au = {x ? R3 : Z(x) u} # components - # “holes” Single threshold test large u, near Tmax Euler char. ? #local max Expected Euler char ? p–value Pr(Zmax u ) ? Pr(?(Au) 0 ) ? E[?(Au)] single threshold test u?? s.t. E[?(Au) ] = ? Expected Euler ch