托福写作中错误的语法知识.doc

托福写作中错误的语法知识 　　简单对比了中英文标点符号，对二者做了区别。这次，我们将讲解中国学生在托福写作中常见的标点符号错误。只有在了解了中英标点的区别，注意写作时常犯的标点错误，才能写出无懈可击的高分作文。 　　(1) 把非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive clause) 理解成限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clause) 而忽略用逗点。 　　〔错误〕 He killed his father that shocked me. 　　从句意来看,上句是一个非限制性定语从句,故应在his father后加逗点,把that 相应改成which 即: 　　〔修改〕 He killed his father, which shocked me. 　　(2) 不论状语从句在整个句子中处于何种位置,一概以逗点隔开。 　　〔错误〕 We will go there , if it is fine tomorrow. 　　状语从句可置于句首或句末。置于句首时,一般要用标点隔开;而置于句末时,则无需与主句隔开,故以上句子应改为: 　　〔修改〕 If it is fine tomorrow , we will go there. 或We will go there if it is fine tomorrow. 　　(3) 在疑问句形式的陈述句后使用问号。 　　〔错误〕 What fun we girls could expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them ?I wondered. 　　〔修改〕 What fun could we girls expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them , I wondered. 　　英语疑问除可用问号来表达外,尚可用词序加以表达。故上例的疑问可用逗点表示。 　　(4) 误把however ,therefore , because , thus 等起联系作用的副词当成并列连词,导致写作中的逗号粘连(comma splice) 错误。 　　〔错误〕 She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , however , she didn’t care for that . 　　两个完整的句子或两个并列句之间不能一概用逗点点开, 可用句号、分号或在逗点后加并列连词(and , but , or , for , so , nor , yet) 等方法修改。故上例可改为: 　　〔修改〕 She thought what the teacher pointed out was right . However, she didn’t care for that . 　　或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right ; however , she didn’t care for that . 　　或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , but she didn’t care for that . 　　(5) 与comma splice 相映成趣的是,许多学生作文时,极少考虑句子间的逻辑关系,一个逗点连首尾,导致大量熔句(fused sentence) 的堆砌。例如: 　　〔错误〕 Young men like blue jeans they wear them all the time. 　　〔修改〕 Young men like blue jeans ; they wear them all the time. 　　或Young men like blue jeans. They wear them all the time. 　　或Young men like blue jeans , and they wear them all the time. 　　或Young men like blue jeans ; they wear them all the time. 　　或Since young men like blue jeans , they wear them all the time. 　　(6) 两个并列的形容词间以and 代替逗点。 　　〔错误〕 Through the window , in front of me were large