Chapter 1 Crystal structure课件.pptVIP

Chapter 1: Crystal structure Periodic arrays of atoms The symmetry operations (对称操作) Fundamental types of lattices * Solid state physics is largely concerned with crystals and electrons in crystals. Why? A crystal is a three-dimensional periodic array of atoms. A SIMPLE MODEL of solid state Experimental evidence: x-ray diffraction (XRD) solid state physics ? condensed matter physics Key points: lattice and basis Bravais lattices index of the plane What is crystal? An ideal crystal is constructed by the infinite repetition of identical structural units in space. Crystal structure = lattice + basis 晶体结构 = 点阵 + 基元 The structure of all crystals can be described in terms of a lattice, with a group of atoms attached to every lattice point. The group of atoms is called the basis, when repeated in space it forms the crystal structure. Lattice (晶格、点阵): a regular periodic array of points in space Basis (基元): the group of atoms Primitive translation vectors (基矢): a1, a2, a3 Lattice translation vector: T = u1a1 + u2a2 + u3a3, where u1, u2 and u3 are integers. Three important points: The center position of an atom j inside the basis: rj = xja1 + yja2 + zja3, where 0≤xj, yj, zj≤1 a2 a1 r o rj a2 a1 Primitive lattice cell is the minimum volume cell in the lattice. A primitive lattice cell is a type of cell or unit cell. There is always one lattice point per primitive lattice cell. The volume of a primitive cell is VC =?a1? a2×a3? Primitive lattice cell (原胞) The conventional cell (惯用晶胞，常用晶胞) can be same or sometimes bigger than the primitive cell. Wigner-Seitz cell Translation symmetry operations (平移对称操作): T = u1a1 + u2a2 + u3a3 Point symmetry operations (点对称操作): There is at less one point in the space which is not moving during operating. The point operations include rotation, reflection and mirror operations. There are 8 primitive point operations. The symmetry operations of a crystal carry the crystal structure into itself. These include the lattice translat