商业研究方法016.pptVIP

Chapter SixteenEXPLORING, DISPLAYING, AND EXAMINING DATA Types of Data Analysis Exploratory data analysis the data guide the choice of analysis--or a revision of the planned analysis Confirmatory data analysis closer to classical statistical inference in its use of significance and confidence may use information from a closely related data set or by validating findings through the gathering and analyzing of new data Techniques to Display and Examine Distributions Frequency Table Visual Displays Histograms Stem-and-leaf display Box-plot Crosstabulation of Variables Techniques to Display and Examine Distributions Histograms Display all intervals in a distribution, even without observed values Examine the shape of the distribution for skewness, kurtosis, and the modal pattern Techniques to Display and Examine Distributions (cont.) Box-plot (box and whisker-plot) Rectangular plot encompasses 50% of the data values Edges of the box (hinges) Center line through the width of the box marks the median Whiskers extend from the right and left hinges to the largest and smallest values Techniques to Display and Examine Distributions (cont.) Transformation To improve interpretation and compatibility with other data sets To enhance symmetry and stabilize spread To improve linear relationships between and among variables Improvement Control Analysis Statistical process control Uses statistical tools to analyze, monitor, and improve process performance Total Quality Management Control chart Displays sequential measurements of a process together with a center line and control limits Upper control limit Lower control limit Types of Control Charts Variables data (ratio or interval measurements) X-bar R-charts s-charts Pareto Diagrams Bar chart whose percentages sum to 100 percent Geographic Information Systems Systems of hardware, software, and procedures that capture, store, manipulate, integrate, and display spatially-referenced data Geographic Information Systems Mi