EE 369POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS.ppt

Stopping Criteria * Gauss Power Flow * Gauss Power Flow * * * * * EE 369POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS Lecture 10 Transformers, Load Generator Models, YBus Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick * Announcements Homework 8 is 5.19, 5.23, 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 3.7, 3.8, 3.10, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.16; due October 30. Homework 9 is 3.17, 3.18, 3.20, 3.23, 3.25, 3.26, 3.28, 3.29, 3.34, 3.37, 3.41, 3.45; due November 6. Turn in to grader at beginning of UT power plant tour: meet Mr. Mack Andrews between power plant and POB, on 24th Street at beginning of class. Start reading Chapter 6 for lectures 11 and 12. * Load Tap Changing Transformers LTC transformers have tap ratios that can be varied to regulate bus voltages. The typical range of variation is ?10% from the nominal values, usually in 33 discrete steps (0.0625% per step). Because tap changing is a mechanical process, LTC transformers usually have a 30 second deadband to avoid repeated changes to minimize wear and tear. Unbalanced tap positions can cause “circulating VArs;” that is, reactive power flowing from one winding to the next in a three phase transformer. * Phase Shifting Transformers Phase shifting transformers are used to control the phase angle across the transformer. Since power flow through the transformer depends upon phase angle, this allows the transformer to regulate the power flow through the transformer. Phase shifters can be used to prevent inadvertent loop flow and to prevent line overloads. * Phase Shifting Transformer Picture 230 kV 800 MVA Phase Shifting Transformer During factory testing Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power Costs about $7 million,weighs about 1.2million pounds * Autotransformers Autotransformers are transformers in which the primary and secondary windings are coupled magnetically and electrically. This results in lower cost, and smaller size and weight. The key disadvantage is loss of electrical isolation between the voltage levels. This can be an important safety consideration when a is large