国际贸易ch9.pptVIP

Chapter 9 Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism 9.1 The Type of NTBs 9.2 The Effects of an Import Quotas 9.3 The Effects of an Export Subsidy 9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism and Strategic Trade 9.1 The type of NTBs NTBs are all other types of trade barriers except to tariff barriers 9.1.1 Import Quotas (进口配额) It is direct quantitative restriction on the amount of a commodity allowed to be imported Absolute Quotas ——Global Quotas; Unallocated Quotas ——Country Quotas Autonomous Quotas Agreement Quotas Tariff Quotas 9.1.2 Voluntary Export Quotas (自动出口配额) VERs refers to the case where an importing country induces another nation to reduce its exports of a commodity “voluntarily,” under the threat of higher all-round trade restrictions, when these exports threaten an entire domestic industry. 9.1.3 Import licence system (进口许可证制度) Licence with quotas Licence without quotas Open general licence Specific licence 9.1.4 Discriminatory Government procurement policy (歧视性政府采购政策) 9.1.5 Internal Taxes (国内税) 9.1.6 Customs Valuation (海关估价) 9.1.7 Technical, Administrative and other Regulations (技术、管理和其它规制) These include safety regulations for automobile and electrical equipment, health regulations for the hygienic production and packaging of imported food products, and labeling requirements showing origin and contents. 9.1.8 International Cartels An international cartel is an organization of suppliers of a commodity located in different nations (or a group of governments) that agrees to restrict output and exports of the commodity with the aim of maximizing or increasing the total profits of the organization. Though domestic cartels are illegal in the United States and restricted in Europe, the power of international cartels cannot easily be countered because they do not fall under the jurisdiction of any one nation. 9.1.9 Dumping (倾销) Dumping is the export of a