微积分英文版4.pptVIP

CHAPTER 3 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE 一、 证: 推论1. 例1. 求 例2. 求 二、 1) 2) 3) 例3. 求 例3. 求 说明: 3.1 Maxima Minima Maxima: point whose function value is greater than or equal to function value of any other point in the interval Minima: point whose function value is less than or equal to function value of any other point in the interval Extrema: Either a maxima or a minima Where do extrema occur? Peaks or valleys (either on a smooth curve, or at a cusp or corner) f’(c)=0 or f’(c) is undefined Discontinuties Endpoints of an interval These are known as the critical points of the function Once you know you have a critical point, you can test a point on either side to determine if it’s a max or min (or maybe neither…just a leveling off point) 3.2 Monotonicity and Concavity Let f be defined on an interval I (open, closed, or neither). Then f is INCREASING on I if, DECREASING on I if, MONTONIC on I if it is ether increasing or decreasing Monotonicity Theorem Let f be continuous on an interval I and differentiable at every interior point of I. If f’(x)0 for all x interior to I, then f is increasing on I If f’(x)0 for all x interior to I, then f is decreasing on I. Concave UP vs. Concave DOWN Let f be differentiable on an open interval I. If f’ is increasing on I, f is concave up (the graph appears to be curved up, as a container that would hold water) If f’ is decreasing on I, f is concave down (the graph appears to be curved down, as if a container were dumping water out) Point of Inflection Where concavity changes: goes from concave up to concave down (or vice versa) f’ is neither increasing or decreasing, the change in f’ = 0, thus f’’=0 Find inflection points determine concavity for f(x) Inflection pts: x=-2,0,1 Concave up: (-2,0), (1,infinity) Concave dn: (-inf.,-2), (0,1) 3.3 Local Extrema and Extrema on Open Intervals First Derivative Test Let f be continuous on an open interval (a,b) that contains a critical point c. If f’(x)0 for all x in (1,c) and f’(x)0 f