GenesGeneticEngineering-RevisionWorld：基因与遗传工程-修改的世界.pptVIP

Genes Genetic Engineering Contents Genetic Code Cell Cycle Sexual Reproduction Applications of Gene Technology Genetic Code Sequence of bases on DNA These code the sequence of amino acids in proteins 20 amino acids 4 bases Universal Code: The code is used between species. Each base sequence codes for the same amino acid Many base sequences can code for the same amino acid “Stop” (UAG, UGA, UUA) does not code for an amino acid Genetic Code Amino Acid mRNA Codons Cell Cycle Cell cycle varies from hours to years - Bacterial cells divide every 30 minutes - Liver cells divide every 2 hours Four cycles: - Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis Mitosis has four phases: - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Mitosis results in 2 daughter cells, genetically identical to each other. Used for growth and asexual reproduction Cell Cycle Meiosis (Sexual Reproduction) Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells Meiosis occurs directly afterwards with 2 further divisions Meiosis therefore results in 4 daughter cells with: - half the number of chromosomes (diploid 2n ? haploid n) - new combinations of genes so no two will be identical Meiosis (Sexual Reproduction) Advantages: - genetic variation and wide diversity of life - allows species to adapt and evolve Disadvantages: - complex - slower than mitosis Applications of Gene Technology 3 main applications to date: - Gene Products: using genetically modified (GM) organisms (usually microbes) to produce chemicals for medical or industrial applications - New Phenotypes: using gene technology to alter the characteristics of organisms such as crops - Gene Therapy: using gene technology on humans to treat diseases Gene Products New Phenotypes These include: - Fast-growing sheep fish - Crops resistant to insects, herbicides viruses - Long life tomatoes some fruit - Crop improvement nitrogen-fixing crops - Cattle resistant to mastisis (? higher yield of milk) - Sheep resistant to ticks (? may n