Genetic Error and the Big Brain Theory.doc

Genetic Error and the Big Brain Theory When cells divide to create copies of themselves or to make sperm and eggs, there is always a chance of genetic error. Gene duplication, when a regular gene is copied twice, is one of those mishaps. Gene duplication is usually detrimental and can lead to deformation and death if not caught by the cell’s repair machinery. But in rare instances, it may also be evolutionarily important. Brain Matters Scientists researching genes important in brain development believe they have found duplication errors that reveal how the human brain increased in size during evolutionary history. While studying SRGAP2, a gene linked to epileptic seizures, scientists found that the gene had not only duplicated once, but a number of times throughout human lineage. Analysis of the SRGAP2 genes determined that duplications occurred 3.4 and 2.4 million years ago, during which time chimp?like ancestors were evolving into the first pre?humans and human?like ancestors. Mutant Mice To test the function of the duplicated genes, scientists inserted human copies into mice. The mice didn’t grow larger brains, but their brain cells looked more like human cells with thicker, longer and more numerous spines to connect with other neurons. The neurons also grew more quickly, suggesting they could migrate farther during development and enable the brain to become larger. About 30 genes have undergone gene duplication since humans and chimps diverged from a common ancestor about six million years ago. Many of these genes control brain development. Researchers suspect that gene duplication is the key to unlocking the mysteries surrounding human brain evolution. 译文 遗传错误和大脑理论 当细胞分裂自我复制或者生成精子和卵子时，总有机会发生遗传错误。当一个常规基因被复制两次，基因复制就是这些失误中的一种。 基因复制通常是有害的，如果没有得到细胞修复机制修复的话，会导致变形和死亡。但在极少数情况下，它也许对进化很重要。 大脑问题 研究基因对大脑进化重要性的科学家们认为他们已经发现了复制错误，该错误揭示了在进化过程中人类大脑的体积是如何增加的。当研究SRGAP2这个同癫痫发作相关的基因时，科学家们发现基因不只复制一次，而是在人类的血统中多次复制。 对SRGAP2基因的分析确定了复制发生在340万年至240万年前，那时，同黑猩猩相似的人类祖先正进化成为史前人类和类人祖先。 突变小鼠 为