环境价值核算美国的经验与教训.pptVIP

环境价值核算：美国的经验与教训 生态系统管理与环境价值核算Environmental Accounting:From Contingent Valuation to Emergy Method 报告内容 生态系统与环境价值核算 综合的环境与经济核算 可供借鉴的经验与教训 相关概念 Green GDP Environmental accounting Ecosystem valuation Stock vs. Flow GDP: Flow Environmental accounting: Stock Scale Mismatch GDP: 相对精确 Ecosystem value：不确定 Why Estimate Ecosystem Values? Basis for market transactions Ecosystem planning The Concept of Value Value is a human perception. It is the worth of something to a particular individual, at a given place and moment in time. Utility, satisfaction, and pleasure are other words that connote worth or value received. 生态系统与环境价值评估方法 1. Market Price Method Estimates economic values for ecosystem products or services that are bought and sold in commercial markets. 2. Productivity Method Estimates economic values for ecosystem products or services that contribute to the production of commercially marketed goods 3. Hedonic Pricing Method Estimates economic values for ecosystem or environmental services that directly affect market prices of some other good. Most commonly applied to variations in housing prices that reflect the value of local environmental attributes. 4. Travel Cost Method Estimates economic values associated with ecosystems or sites that are used for recreation. Assumes that the value of a site is reflected in how much people are willing to pay to travel to visit the site. 5. Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost Methods Estimate economic values based on costs of avoided damages resulting from lost ecosystem services, costs of replacing ecosystem services, or costs of providing substitute services.? 6. Contingent Valuation Method Estimates economic values for virtually any ecosystem or environmental service. The most widely used method for estimating non-use, or “passive use” values. Asks people to directly state their willingness to pay for specific environmental services, based on a hypothetical scenario. 7. Contingent Choice Metho