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Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques Slides for Chapter 3 of Data Mining by I. H. Witten, E. Frank and M. A. Hall Output: Knowledge representation ● Tables ● Linear models ● Trees ● Rules ●Classification rules ●Association rules ●Rules with exceptions ●More expressive rules ● Instance-based representation ● Clusters Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 3) 2 Output: representing structural patterns ● Many different ways of representing patterns ♦ Decision trees, rules, instance-based, … ● Also called “knowledge” representation ● Representation determines inference method ● Understanding the output is the key to understanding the underlying learning methods ● Different types of output for different learning problems (e.g. classification, regression, …) Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 3) 3 Tables ● Simplest way of representing output: ● Use the same format as input! ● Decision table for the weather problem: Outlook Humidity Play Sunny High No Sunny Normal Yes Overcast High Yes Overcast Normal Yes Rainy High No Rainy Normal No ● Main problem: selecting the right attributes Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 3) 4 Linear models ● Another simple representation ● Regression model ♦ Inputs (attribute values) and output are all numeric ● Output is the sum of weighted attribute values ♦ The trick is to find good values for the weights Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 3)