Internetworking I BasicsApril 13, 2000.ppt

Internetworking I: BasicsApril 13, 2000 Topics Internetworking with repeaters, bridges and gateways Internetworking with routers the Internet Protocol (IP) IP datagram delivery IP addresses The internetworking idea (Kahn, 1972) Build a single network (an interconnected set of networks, or internetwork, or internet) out of a large collection of separate networks. Each network must stand on its own, with no internal changes allowed to connect to the internet. Communications should be on a best-effort basis. “black boxes” (later called routers) should be used to connect the networks. No global control at the operations level. Internetworking challenges Challenges: heterogeneity lots of different kinds of networks (Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, wireless, point-to-point) how to unify this hodgepodge? scale how to provide uniques names for potentially billions of nodes? (naming) how to find all these nodes? (forwarding and routing) Note: internet refers to a general idea, Internet refers to a particular implementation of that idea (The global IP Internet). Internetworking with repeaters Internetworking with repeaters Internetworking with repeaters:Pros and cons Pros Transparency LANS can be connected without any awareness from the hosts. Useful for serving multiple machines in an office from one ethernet outlet. Cons Not scalable ethernet standard allows only 4 repeaters. more than 4 would introduce delays that would break contention detection. No heterogeneity Networks connected with repeaters must have identical electrical properties. Internetworking with bridges Internetworking with bridges Bridges Learning bridges Learning bridges (cont) Learning bridges (example) Cycles in bridged networks Spanning tree bridges Portion of the bridged CMU internet Internetworking with bridges:Pros and cons Pros Transparency LANS can be connected without any awareness from the hosts popular solution for campus-size networks Cons Transparency can be misleading looks like a single Etherne