7 通货膨胀和失业的解剖-最新.pdfVIP

第7章通货膨胀和失业的解剖 • Chapter Outline • The sacrifice ratio and Okun’s law • Key characteristics of unemployment • Variations in unemployment across groups • Duration and frequency of unemployment • The natural rate of unemployment • Unemployment hysteresis • International comparisons • The cost of unemployment and inflation • Inflation and interest rates • Indexation • Political business cycles • The misery index • Learning Objectives • Students should be aware that there are large variations in the unemployment rate across different groups in the labor force. • Students should be aware that there is high turnover in the labor market (often cyclical in nature) consisting of flows in and out of the labor pool. • Students should know the factors that determine the natural unemployment rate. • Students should understand the importance of duration and frequency of unemployment and their relevance to the actual rate of unemployment. • Students should be aware that the natural rate of unemployment can vary over time. • Students should be able to distinguish between frictional and cyclical unemployment. • Students should be able to evaluate the relative costs of unemployment and inflation. • Students should be able to distinguish between the effects of perfectly anticipated and imperfectly anticipated inflation. • Students should be familiar with the effects of wage indexation. • Students should be able to discuss the relative merits of fixed versus variable mortgage rates. • Students should be aware that a positive rate of inflation may reduce wage rigidity. • Students should be familiar with the concept of the political business cycle. 一、失业 1、失业概念及原因 • 劳动力=失业人员（U）+就业人员（E） • 失业者 • （1）一个没有工作的人；（2 ）在过去的4 周里曾努力寻找工作的人或已被解聘4周后， 正等待被召回复工的人 • 失业率=失业者/劳动力 • 就业者：在调查的那周内 • （1）从事任何一份有报酬（至少一小时）的 工作，在自己的企业或公司或专业上工作，或 在自己的农场工作，或在家庭经营的企业里工 作15个小时，