词汇第6章复习2.docVIP

Chapter 6, Sense Relations and Semantic Field Topics of this chapter: 5 sense relations + semantic field From the point view of spelling and pronunciation, words are arbitrary symbols and independent identities; However, they are related in sense, hence sense relations. 1) 5 kinds of sense relations: polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy. 2) Semantic field, which is commonly felt to be an integral part of sense relations. Meaning areas ：fruits, animals 6.1 Polysemy: Definitions: 2 approaches diachronic and sychronic 2processes: radiation and concatenation 1) Common feature English: highly developed language Majority of words are polysemous 2) when a word is first coined, it is monosemic The same symbol must be used to express more meanings→ polysemy Question: how a word acquire new meanings? How are they related to each other? 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy: Diachronic approach Synchronic approach 1) Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time. ★ Primary meaning: is the only meaning that a word had when it was first coined. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time. Examples: face 12 meanings p96 The first one is the primary meaning, and the others are all derived from the primary one through: Extension, narrowing, analogy, transfer, etc ★ Primary meanings gave birth to new meanings, and as a result the primary meaning became obsolete or disappeared. Examples: Harvest: ‘time of cutting’收割的时间 -------- reaping and gathering corps, 收割庄稼 the season’s yield of grain or fruit 收成 Pain:‘penalty or punishment’--------suffering, great discomfort of body or mind The original meaning is only preserved in: pains and penalty, under pain of 违法者以。。处 2) Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various m