词汇学第3课.pptVIP

Word Formation Word Formation In modern times vocabulary is largely enriched on internal basis. That is, we use existing material available in English,whether native or foreign,to create new words. In this chapter we will analyze the morphological structures of words. Word Formation Morphemes: It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, Word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Denaturalization: de- ; -nature ; -al ; -ize ; -ation, These fragments cannot be further divided； Though -ation has a number of variants such as-tion, -sion, -ion, they belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function. These different forms occur owing to different sound environment. morphemes : The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. Allomorphs: （1）morpheme word： A single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes: One morpheme nation two morphemes nation-al three morphemes nation-al-ize four morphemes de-nation-al-ize five morphemes de-nation-al-iz-ation Allomorphs: （2）morpheme phoneme A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning. A phoneme, only conveys sound distinction. k /k/ and u /ju:/ are only phonemes, for they have no meaning Allomorphs: Most morphemes are realized by single word like bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire, etc. These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. Allomorphs: Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. morpheme of plurality {-s} cats /s/ ? dogs