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Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis 5.0. Introduction 1. recognize : word meaning , reference; concept; sense 2. study components analysis 1. recognizing word meaning: e.g. (4.1) The dog bit the milkman. (4.2) The dog bit the postman. (4.3) The dog is biting the postman. (4.4) The postman bit the dog. (4.1) (4.2) (4.2) (4.2) (4.3) (4.4) to know what all the words mean to understand every detail of the grammatical structure 5.1.Analysing meaning 1) Reference (所指：客观事物与语言的这种关系） Reference is the relationship between language and the world. Reference is an external meaning relation; it is the relationship between a word and the entity that it ‘refers to’ in the physical world, in our mental world, or in the world of our experience. e.g. tree: a particular plant which has a trunk, branches, twigs and leaves; e.g. hostility: a particular attitude displayed especially by humans and animals that signals hatred and enmity The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. 2) Concept （概念：词或符号在人头脑中大致印象和意义） Concept: the general ideal or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person’s mind. Concepts are the abstract meanings which words and other linguistic items represent. word → concept → referent 词与概念的关系：概念是词义的基础，词义是概念在语言中的表现形式，两者互为依存；词是通过概念来反映客观事物的现象。 triangle of significance Form: sound and spelling Meaning: essential part 3) Sense （语义：说话者或听话者体会到词或短语的意义meaning） Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. The sense of expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. 4) Meaning and concept: Concept is beyond language，is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human m